September 3, 2024

Abortion Care Policies Impact Families’ Economic Health and Well-Being

It is a volatile time for abortion policies. Since the 2022 Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization decision overturning  Roe v. Wade,  the U.S. Supreme Court has eliminated legal abortion nationwide and shifted abortion policy decisions to the states. Post Dobbs,  22 states have banned or severely restricted access to legalized abortion. In Florida, the policy landscape has been rapidly changing with the recent implementation of a six-week gestational cut off, substantially curtailing access to abortion. Simultaneously, a  ballot initiative campaign is underway to lift these restrictions.

As policymakers and the public weigh in on this issue, it is critical to consider the robust body of research showing the profound impact of abortion care policy on families’ economic health and well-being. Prior to the Supreme Court decision in Roe, there were years of documentation in both the United States and in other countries of families’ experiences with no access to legalized abortion care. Once Roe legalized abortion nationwide in 1973, a natural 50 year experiment started. How did these changes affect families?

This body of research was the topic of an amicus brief filed by over 150 economists and other researchers with the U.S. Supreme Court in the Dobbs case. The brief includes a comprehensive overview of scientifically rigorous research showing a causal connection between abortion legalization and significant advancements women have made in education, jobs, and earnings. This has particularly impacted young women and Black women.

The Turnaway Study is the largest study to examine women’s experiences with abortion and unwanted pregnancies in the United States. It focuses on the financial outcomes for women unable to obtain an abortion. The study compared women who arrived at abortion facilities just prior to a gestational age cut-off and were able to obtain an abortion to the women who arrived just past this cut-off and were turned away.

Up until this point, the financial circumstances of both groups were remarkably similar. However, at the point in their lives when one group could access abortion and the other was turned away, the “turned away” group experienced substantially more financial distress.

These women had four times greater likelihood of living below the poverty level. One year after an abortion denial they were more likely to not have enough money to cover basic living expenses like food and housing. Over the subsequent five years, the average women in this group experienced a 78 percent increase in past-due debt and an 81 percent increase in bankruptcies, evictions, and court judgements.

Further, these women had worse health outcomes. They were more likely to experience serious complications from the end of pregnancy, including eclampsia and death; additionally, they were more likely to experience poor physical health for years after the pregnancy, including chronic pain and gestational hypertension. On the other hand, another study showed significantly better health outcomes for women able to access abortion. Notably, Black women experienced a 30 to 40 percent decline in maternal mortality.

The Turnaway Study findings of substantial economic benefits for women having access to legal abortion are substantiated by other research. One study found that young women who utilized legal abortion to delay an unplanned start to motherhood by just one year realized an 11 percent increase  in hourly wages later in their careers. This increase in wages translated into a 10 percent increase in labor earnings among Black women. Another study showed that for young women experiencing an unwanted pregnancy who had access to abortion, the probability that they finished college increased by nearly 20 percentage points. The probability that they entered a professional occupation increased nearly 40 percentage points. Again, these positive effects were greater among Black women.

Abortion policies also have a ripple effect on states’ overall economies. The Institute for Women’s Policy Research found that when compared to other states, Florida’s economy experienced one of the greatest financial losses related to reproductive restrictions, totaling $14 billion in 2023.

Research also shows how abortion legalization shapes families and the circumstances into which children are born. Access to legal abortion reduced the number of children living in single parent households, those who lived in poverty, and those who received government funded social services. There were also reductions of births by unwed teen mothers and reduced cases of child neglect and abuse. For the children in these families who became adults, they had higher rates of college graduation, lower rates of single parenthood, and lower rates of public assistance receipt.

Abortion policies also have a ripple effect on states’ overall economies. The Institute for Women’s Policy Research found that when compared to other states, Florida’s economy experienced one of the greatest financial losses related to reproductive restrictions, totaling $14 billion in 2023. According to the institute's economic analysis, 1.5 percent more women of reproductive age (15–44) would have entered the Florida labor force in 2023 absent the legal restrictions that limited abortion access. Notably, this study analyzed data prior to implementation of Florida’s even more restrictive six-week gestational cut-off that went into effect in May 2024. It is anticipated that the negative impact on Florida’s economy will be even greater once 2024 data is analyzed.

The research demonstrates that removing these restrictions will reduce the number of households living in poverty, increase women’s participation in the labor force, and increase their earnings. In turn, more people in the workforce with better paying jobs will help generate increased sales tax and other state and local revenue. Policies legalizing abortion will go a long way toward improving the economic mobility and quality of life for all Floridians.

Anne Swerlick is a health care consultant for Florida Policy Institute. She has over 40 years of experience as a public interest attorney, advocating on health, economic and social justice issues.

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